Hamartia
Hamartia is a downfall of the protagonist that occurs due to the actions taken by him/her, resulting in a big disaster. In Frankenstein, Victor, being a "Mad Scientist", decides to create life from the dead. Therefore, he begins his process, which eventually results in the creation of PIECES. After creating IT, PIECES starts receiving unusual responses from the people due to ITS unusual and scary composition. Without even doing anything, people beat IT with sticks and what not. They eventually force IT to run away from the areas where human beings live. After getting irritated and angry by this treatment, he makes up his mind to kill anyone who treats IT harshly and does not respect. And, with the murder of William, the deaths of all the characters began to happen in the story from that point on. PIECES begins to kill every character one by one- Justine (prosecuted after getting blamed of murder), Henry Clerval, Elizabeth, and, finally, the "Mad Scientist" himself dies during his pursuit of PIECES.
Invocation
"Wandering spirits, if indeed ye wander, and do not rest in your narrow beds, allow me this faint happiness, or take me, as your companion, away from the joys of life." (Shelly, Chapter 10)
In this quote, Victor, after being sick and tired of his miserable life, is directly talking to the spirits. He is demanding them to, either, give him a few moments of "pure" happiness or kill him somehow. Victor's life has been made miserable PIECES, after IT kills all of his loved ones. Therefore, after being haunted by PIECES's threats to kill his loved ones, his life changes significantly. He not only begins to appreciate the appreciation of his friends, but also starts to adapt those appreciations as part of his own life. But, overall, his life mostly becomes melancholy and, after getting exhausted from it, he finally asks Heaven to, either, make his life normal or kill him.
Irony
Irony is a literary device in which readers expect something and something unexpected occurs. In Frankenstein, Victor plans on to create life from dead and, presumably, something that would be "nice" and "peaceful". This is ironic because, to everyone's surprise, Victor creates a monster who is of no match to humans in strength, intelligence, speed, and height. If treated nicely, PIECES would have been nice to everyone and helpful to Victor and everyone else. But, due to ITS unusual and scary look, IT gets mistreated and hated by all. This causes in a total disaster of all the main characters as well as other characters throughout the story. Therefore, from what Victor expected to be the consequences of his creation, we get a totally different outcome and the story ends with the deaths of five characters, including Victor.
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Dramatic Irony
An example of dramatic irony could be found in the conversation between PIECES and Victor. In the conversation, PIECES demanded Victor to create a female companion like IT, so that IT does not feel lonely. Upon hearing this, Victor rejects the offer and realizes that, i he makes the same mistake again, then mankind would be put on a serious danger and threat. Therefore, PIECES decides what IT has to do and tells Victor the above quote. By this quote, Victor is warned ahead of time that Elizabeth is in great danger and that she will be heading to Heaven soon. But, sadly, Victor does not understand this warning and tries to protect him rather than take care of Elizabeth. And, as promised, PIECES arrives on Victor and Elizabeth's wedding night to kill Elizabeth.